The 8th-century Indian scholar Adi Shankarain his Bhasya review and commentary noted that the mantras and hymns of Isha Upanishad are not used in rituals, because their purpose is to enlighten the reader as to "what is the nature of soul Atman? Max Muller notes that this does not necessarily mean that Isha Upanishad is among the oldest, because Shukla Yajur Veda is acknowledged to be of a later origin than textual layers of other Vedas such as the Rig Lattanzi Insurance Agency. Other Upanishads are attached to a later layer of Vedic texts such as Brahmanas and Aranyakas. Isha Upanishad is the only Upanishad that is attached to a Samhitathe most ancient layer of Vedic text known for their mantras and benedictions. Ranade posits that Isha was composed in the second group of Upanishads along with Kena Upanishad, right after the first group of Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya, but chronologically before Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Katha, Mundaka, Svetasvatara, Prasna, Mandukya and Maitrayani. Winternitz states that Isha was likely composed before post-Buddhist Upanishads such as Maitri and Mandukya. Winternitz, suggests that Isha Upanishad was probably a pre-Buddha composition along with Katha, Svetasvatara, Mundaka and Prasna Upanishad, but after the first phase of ancient Upanishads that were composed in prose such as Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena. Further, he suggests that Isha was composed before other prose Upanishads such as Prasna, Maitri, Mandukya and all post-Vedic era Upanishads. Isha Upanishad has been chronologically listed by them as being among early Upanishads to being one among the middle Upanishads.ĭeussen suggested, for example, that Isha was composed after ancient prose Upanishads - Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena during a period when metrical poem-like Upanishads were being composed. Isavasyopanishad Part-1 (Malayalam) - Swami Chidananda PuriĮarlier 19th- and 20th-century scholars have similarly expressed a spectrum of views.
Hinduism scholars such as Stephen Phillips note the disagreement between modern scholars.
Buddhism scholars such as Richard King date Isha Upanishad's composition roughly to the second half of the first millennium BC, chronologically placing it after the first Buddhist Pali canons. The chronology of Isha Upanishad, along with other Vedic era literature, is unclear and contested by scholars. The Upanishad is a brief poem, consisting of 17 or 18 verses, depending on the recension.
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